---
myst:
  html_meta:
    keywords: LaTeX,fonts"
---
# Getting MetaFont to do what you want

MetaFont allows you to create your own fonts, and most TeX users will never need to use it --- modern (La)TeX systems contain rather few MetaFont fonts of any significance, and when MetaFont output is needed the font generation is done, automatically, "on the fly".

If you find you have some special requirement that the system doesn't satisfy, you need to know about MetaFont in rather more detail. MetaFont, unlike TeX, requires customisation for each output device : such customisation is conventionally held in a "mode" associated with the device. Modes are commonly defined using the `mode_def` convention described on page 94 of *The MetaFontbook* (see [TeX-related books](faquk:FAQ-other-books)). Your distribution should provide a file, conventionally called `local.mf`, containing all the `mode_def`s you will be using. In the unlikely event that `local.mf` doesn't already exist, Karl Berry's collection of modes (`modes.mf`) is a good starting point (it can be used as a `local.mf` without modification in a modern implementation of MetaFont). Settings for new output devices are added to `modes.mf` as they become available.

Now create a `plain` base file using `mf` (in "initialisation" mode), `plain.mf`, and `local.mf` :

```{noedit}
% mf -ini
This is METAFONT...
**plain # you type plain
(output)
*input local # you type this
(output)
*dump # you type this
Beginning to dump on file plain...
(output)
```

This will create a base file named `plain.base` (or something similar; for example, it will be `PLAIN.BAS` on MS-DOS systems). Move the file to the directory containing the base files on your system, and run `texhash` as necessary.

Now you need to make sure MetaFont loads this new base when it starts up. If MetaFont loads the `plain` base by default on your system, then you're ready to go. Under Unix (using the default TeX Live (and earlier) distributions this does indeed happen, but we could for instance define a command `plainmf`<sup class="fmk">†</sup> which executes `mf -base=plain` (or, in more traditional style `mf & lain`) which loads the `plain` base file.

> <sup class="fmk">†</sup>
> On the grounds that a command 'plain' could be misconstrued
> as a reference to Plain TeX.

The usual way to create a font with MetaFont (with an appropriate base file loaded) is to start MetaFont's input with the line

```{noedit}
\mode=⟨mode name⟩; mag=⟨magnification⟩; input ⟨font file name⟩
```

in response to the `**` prompt or on the MetaFont command line. (If `⟨mode name⟩` is unknown or omitted, the mode defaults to "proof" mode and MetaFont will produce an output file called `⟨font file name⟩.2602gf`) The `⟨magnification⟩` is a floating point number or a "magstep" (magsteps define sizes by stating how many times you need to multiply a base size by `1.2`, so for a base size of `10`, `magstep 1` is `12`, `magstep 2` is `14.4` If `mag=⟨magnification⟩` is omitted, then the default is `1` (`magstep 0`). For example, to generate `cmr10` at `12pt` for an Epson, printer you might type

```{noedit}
mf \mode=epson; mag=magstep 1; input cmr10
```

Note that under Unix the `\` and `;` characters must usually be quoted or escaped, so this would typically look something like

```{noedit}
 mf "\mode=epson; mag=magstep 1; input cmr10"
```

If you need a special mode that isn't in the base, you can put its commands in a file (e.g., `ln03.mf`) and invoke it on the fly with the `\smode` command. For example, to create `cmr10.300gf` for an LN03 printer, using the file

```{noedit}
% This is ln03.mf as of 1990/02/27
% mode_def courtesy of John Sauter
proofing:=0;
fontmaking:=1;
tracingtitles:=0;
pixels_per_inch:=300;
blacker:=0.65;
fillin:=-0.1;
o_correction:=.5;
```

(note the absence of the `mode_def` and `enddef` commands), you would type

```{noedit}
mf \smode="ln03; input cmr10
```

This technique isn't one you should regularly use, but it may prove useful if you acquire a new printer and want to experiment with parameters, or for some other reason are regularly editing the parameters you're using. Once you've settled on an appropriate set of parameters, you should use them to rebuild the base file that you use.

Other sources of help are discussed in our list of [MetaFont and MetaPost Tutorials](faquk:FAQ-mfptutorials).

:::{sources}
[Getting MetaFont to do what you want](faquk:FAQ-useMF)
:::